Normative Economics Free Essays

Republican and law based applicants in the up and coming decisions have postponed proposition on the best way to change social insurance in the nation. They all concur on requirement for changes yet vary on the proposed activity. The discussion has been started by reports demonstrating that numerous Americans are uninsured. We will compose a custom article test on Regulating Economics or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now As indicated by U.S enumeration department, 47 million Americans were uninsured in 2006 up from 44.8 million of every 2005. An expansion of 22 million or 15.8%. The extent of the guaranteed by government plots likewise went down from 27.3% to 27.0% in that year (www.census.gov 2007).â A report by families USA puts the figures a lot higher. It demonstrates that 89.6 million Americans underneath 65 years old were uninsured at time over the most recent two years. (www.familiesusa.org) These figures show that there truly is a medical coverage emergency in the nation. This is by a wide margin greatest subject of the wellbeing change banter in the nation. Republicans suggest that the legislature give motivating forces to the poor to get private disaster protection. They contradict government assuming on dynamic job in arrangement of protection spread. The Democrats on their part advocate for an all inclusive human services plan. Their recommendations necessitate that everyone must get secured. Theory Democrats have a superior wellbeing change plan than the Republicans. The Democrats proposition to make social insurance moderate and available to all Americans is superior to the republican proposition, which offer, finances low-pay families. Proponent’s Position. Democrats recommend that to change the wellbeing area the legislature must come in to advance availability by all Americans through all inclusive inclusion. (www.democrats.org, 2007) Opponent’s Position Republicans stress on changes in human services dependent on free market standards they would offer motivations to the individuals to taking private disaster protection strategies. (www.gop.com, 2007) Proponent’s Position Democrats have thought of an arrangement that guarantees that everyone is secured and paying a top notch that is inside their methods. They bolster an all inclusive medicinal services plan. The wellbeing plan focuses on the uninsured and those not happy with their present protection. Representative Hillary’s American Health Choices Plan necessitates that the legislature and enormous workers make commitment to the employee’s wellbeing plan. Private ventures on their part will be let off. They wont contribute yet will in certainty get charge attributes with the goal that they can cover their workers. Under the AHCP, protection and medication organizations will utilize be profoundly managed. Insurance agencies won't deny anyone spread because of a prior condition for they predict someone falling debilitated. The medication producers will be pushed to bring down the expense of prescription. She recognizes the insatiability of these two businesses as a significant constraining component to moderate human services for all.  In the AHCP, people must get guaranteed. It is called ‘choices’ plan as it permits one to pick whether to hold current cover or get into the one gave by government. People will pay an exceptional that is inside their methods. To keep the premiums low, they will be topped to compare to individual’s pay. Along these lines no one will be required to pay beyond what they can bear. The arrangement likewise benefits charge credit to working families. That way, they can get to quality protection spread. The arrangement additionally targets growing Medicaid and children’s health care coverage program to contact more individuals. John Edwards, another Democratic competitor uncovered practically comparable arrangement to that of Senator Clinton. It likewise disturbs for all inclusive inclusion with managers to government making commitment. The arrangement is additionally required for all Americans. (johnedwards.com, 2007). To finance these stupendous plans, the applicants have shown that they will revoke tax cuts and sponsorships to protection suppliers. Congressperson Clinton additionally necessitates that huge managers make commitment towards their employee’s wellbeing spread. Her arrangement additionally accentuates on cost slicing through expanded effectiveness and utilization of preventive medicine Qualities of The Democrats’ Proposal. The proposed all inclusive medicinal services plans guarantees that everyone manages protection spread Senator Clinton’s AHCP guarantees that each body is secured and paying a reasonable premium. It makes it required for all individuals to get medical coverage inclusion yet permits them the decision of their approach. Along these lines it doesn't constrain one in to purchasing protection spread they are not happy with. The proposed arrangement likewise guarantees that no one is denied protection inclusion. Protection suppliers are obliged to give spread to all without separation on the grounds of a previous condition or fully expecting disease. This acquires a major number of individuals who were avoided by insurance agencies because of condition, for example, schizophrenia and HIV/AIDS. (www.democrats.org, 2007) The arrangement doesn't require private companies to add to the all inclusive social insurance plan rather it awards them charge credits. Along these lines the workers of these private companies remain above water. This will be motivating force for private companies to grow. The AHCP additionally stresses on cost cutting in human services. It champions preventive estimates that are less expensive than corrective medicine. It additionally champions more noteworthy proficiency and modernization in social insurance conveyance that would cut down expenses Shortcomings The widespread wellbeing plan requires immense financing and this may result to higher expenses for the American open. Representative Clinton puts the expense of her arrangement at $110 billion while John Edward put his at $120 billion. The figure is conditional and might go higher than that. The arranged source may likewise not convey as much assets as anticipated congressperson Clintons intend to produce reserve funds by boosting effectiveness may likewise not create enough assets. This would leave just the choices of an expense ascend as John Edwards surrenders. (www.ontheissue.org) Higher duties will trouble the open further and won't be welcome. Government association will cause wasteful aspects in administration conveyance. Government inclusion will just prompt a tremendous organization with a great deal of formality. This may irritate the emergency. Without a benefit rationale, he plan may offer languid and low quality administrations Opponents’ position Republican up-and-comers recommend that the administration sponsor low-salary families to assist them with getting to human services instead of giving a general arrangement as an approach to improve availability. The Republican are against government inclusion in arrangement of medical coverage. (www.gop.com, 2007) Rudy Giuliani, a Republican applicant in his arrangement offers charge conclusions of $15,000 to families and $7500 for people. These findings will empower families to get to social insurance. He additionally proposes to give families and people vouchers to purchase strategies. He would energize people purchase fronts of their decision as an approach to make investment funds. People would need to pay for minor registration as they would to their vehicles. He likewise focused on the requirement for individuals to deal with their wellbeing and not leave it to the legislature. (Elliott, Philip, 2007) Glove Romney is disturbing for people to buy private protection. He focuses on that administration impedance will intensify the circumstance. He proposed tax cuts however not general inclusion plan. That would push up charges. (www.ontheissues.org, 2007) The Republican recommend that medical coverage ought to be left to individual’s decisions as opposed to boss and government plans. They offer what they call an American answer for the issue. They represent free market standards and are against communist propensities in medicinal services. They don't necessitate that everyone must have medical coverage spread. They legitimize attempt to make a motivating force for people to join. Qualities of The Republicans recommendations The Republican recommendations guarantee that the opportunity of selection of customers is defended. Since they realize their wellbeing better, people will choose which strategy in the market suits them best. Wellbeing sparing plans as proposed by republicans will urge people to put something aside for future wellbeing costs. This will advance more wellbeing way of life among the individuals. The guaranteed oversee the financing of their medicinal services. Assessment reasonings and vouchers would empower a major number of individuals to get to quality medicinal services. Neither would they disturb social insurance conveyance the manner in which all inclusive arrangement would. These financial measures are really being actualized and would not be exploratory. The republican recommendations are business inviting in that they don't require enormous bosses to make gigantic commitments to their employee’s wellbeing covers They additionally think of a social insurance administration that is liberated from long bureaucratic methodology. Distinctive protection suppliers will contend to give the most productive and client cordial spreads. (www.joinrudy2008.com) Shortcomings The republicans neglect to address the issue rising clinical expenses and rising protection premiums. They give the insurance agencies a free hand that outcomes in just higher approaches. The appropriations offered may not be satisfactory to male medical coverage spread reasonable to all individuals. This will prompt piece of the populace staying revealed. The greater part of the proposition made are like those executed under the Bush organization. They are not offering any new answers for the persevering issues of soaring premiums and clinical expenses. They stress on free market rules that have placed the nations in its present issue. The republican proposition don't handle the issue of segregation by the protection business protection suppliers are not committed to cover individuals with previous conditions. Vouchers won't be of any utilization to such individuals as they won't get covers at any rate End The democratsâ�

The Injustice of Female Genital Mutilation :: essays research papers fc

The ghastliness of female genital mutilation is a worldwide issue, and it is likewise one astonishing unfamiliar to Americans albeit an expected ten thousand young ladies in the United States are presently in danger of this activity (Sarkis standard. 1). This is a social practice that is both dishonest and inconceivably adverse to its casualties other than clearly being in direct infringement of essential human rights. So as to accomplish a more extensive perspective on this issue the accompanying will be analyzed: essential data about this training, associations battling it, current news relating to it, ongoing scholastic articles assessing it, and the subject of how it very well may be halted. FGM has as of late been getting developing media consideration because of the debate encompassing it, yet the recently discovered consideration is likewise with the expectation that far reaching mindfulness will achieve change. Female genital mutilation, or FGM when truncated, is otherwise called female circumcision, however this training is definitely more extraordinary than male circumcision and is in reality increasingly similar to a medical procedure in guys where the whole penis is expelled (Sarkis standard. 4). FGM is arranged into three distinct classifications dependent on the degree of the strategy, however it as a rule involves the evacuation or the clitoris as well as the adjoining labia. An exhaustive round of questioning of FGM is extreme to the point that the female must be sliced open to take part in sex starting there on (Sarkis standard. 5). This medical procedure is regularly acted in unsanitary conditions with unclean sharp devices like extremely sharp steels, kitc hen blades, scissors, and bits of glass (Sarkis standard. 6). Female kids typically experience this methodology at three years old (Sarkis standard. 10). Sarkis additionally states, â€Å"Besides the undeniable beginning torments of the tasks, FGM has long haul physiological, sexual, and mental effects† (standard. 7). It is accomplished for various reasons extending from the avoidance of conjugal unfaithfulness to utilizing it as a social transitional experience, however more various than the purposes for it are the nations that participate in it. FGM is generally regular in Middle Eastern nations and all through Africa (Sarkis standard. 2). FGM is in no way, shape or form a one-dimensional issue or something that can be recouped from. It is, most fundamentally, a life changing strategy. One of the significant gatherings battling FGM is The Female Genital Mutilation Education and Networking Project. It centers principally around the â€Å"knowledge is power† viewpoint, implying that it focuses more on teaching the number of inhabitants in FGM with an end goal to bring change rather than direct activities.

Blog Archive Akibas Corner Is There Anything Else You Would Like Us To Know

Blog Archive Akibas Corner Is There Anything Else You Would Like Us To Know Akiba’s Corner is a weekly series of thoughts on the MBA admissions process and the MBA itself by MBA Mission Senior Consultant, Akiba Smith Francis (HBS ’05).     Have you been arrested? Suspended during college? The occasional client asks us whether and how to disclose these types of experiences as a part of a business school application process. If you have a challenge that you would rather not disclose, but it is a part of your academic or legal record, it is best to openly address it, not just in your short answer section, but also in your optional essay. Be completely honest about what happened and let the Admissions Committee know how you have grown and what you learned from the experience. This does not mean that you should get into the details of the partying that led up to your DUI (see Monday Morning Essay Tip: Personal and Too Personal), but it does mean that you should not lie or omit important information in your application. Admissions Committees understand that mistakes happen. If you let them know that you have learned the error of your ways and are a much more mature person now, you will get ahead of the “scandal” and not have to hide from it forever. Share ThisTweet Blogroll

Colloid Examples in Chemistry

Colloids are uniform mixtures that dont separate or settle out. While colloidal mixtures are generally considered to be homogeneous mixtures, they often display heterogeneous quality when viewed on the microscopic scale. There are two parts to every colloid mixture: the particles and the dispersing medium. The colloid particles are solids or liquids that are suspended in the medium. These particles are larger than molecules, distinguishing a colloid from a solution. However, the particles in a colloid are smaller than those found in a suspension.  In smoke, for examples, solid particles from combustion  are suspended in a gas. Here are several other examples of colloids: Aerosols foginsecticide spraycloudssmokedust Foams whipped creamshaving cream Solid Foams marshmallowsStyrofoam Emulsions milkmayonnaiselotion Gels gelatinbutterjelly Sols inkrubberliquid detergentshampoo Solid Sols pearlgemstonessome colored glasssome alloys How to Tell a Colloid From a Solution or Suspension At first glance, it may seem difficult to distinguish between a colloid, solution, and suspension, since you cant usually tell the size of the particles simply by looking at the mixture. However, there are two easy ways to identify a colloid: Components of a suspension separate over time. Solutions and colloids dont separate.If you shine a beam of light into a colloid, it displays the Tyndall effect, which makes the beam of light visible in the colloid because light is scattered by the particles. An example of the Tyndall effect is the visibility of light from car headlamps through fog. How Colloids Are Formed Colloids usually form one of two ways: Droplets of particles may be dispersed into another medium by spraying, milling, high-speed mixing, or shaking.Small dissolved particles may be condensed into colloidal particles by redox reactions, precipitation, or condensation.

Sodium Intake - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 933 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/24 Category Advertising Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Sodium is a mineral that is present only in small quantities in most natural foods, but salt is added, often in large amounts, in food processing and by cooks to enhance flavor. Sodium is the predominant ion in extra cellular fluid. Sodium (Na) is the predominant cation in extra cellular fluid and its concentration is under tight homeostatic control. Excess dietary sodium is excreted in the urine. The kidney very efficiently reabsorbs the mineral when intakes are low or losses are excessive. Sodium consort with potassium, the chief cation of intracellular fluid, to maintain proper body water distribution and blood pressure. Sodium also is important in maintaining the proper acid-base balance and in the transmission of nerve impulses. It is a n essential mineral found in the bones and the fluids surrounding cells. It generally works with potassium. Sodium is a constituent of body secretions like saliva and enzymes. Since it is lost when the body sweats, supplements are need ed during hard labor on hot days. Sodium may be beneficial for the treatment of diarrhea, leg cramps, dehydration, and fever. Sodium is vital component of nerves as it stimulates muscle contraction. Sodium also helps to keep calcium and other minerals soluble in the blood, as well as stimulating the adrenal glands. High sodium levels can cause high blood pressure. Sodium aids in preventing heat prostration or sunstroke Sodium functions with chloride and bicarbonate to maintain a balance of positive and negative ions (electrically charged particles) in our body fluids and tissues. The body receives sodium primarily in the form of table salt (sodium chloride). Sodium, the principal extra cellular ion, has the property of holding water in body tissues. The appropriateness of current recommendations for the general healthy population to reduce sodium intake has been a matter of debate in the scientific community. Public health scientists generally support the population-wide appro ach, while many clinically- or laboratory-oriented scientists are unconvinced that the population approach has sufficient benefit to offset the potential burdento either consumers or industry associated with sodium reduction. In addition, although sodium reduction to the levels recommended is presumed to be safe for healthy adults, the debate about this issue has been fueled by assertions that sodium reduction might have adverse effects on health. These assertions about adverse effects appear unwarranted. Sources of sodium Sodium added to processed foods accounts for the majority of sodium (75 %) in the US diet. The remainder comes from discretionary salt (15 %) and the sodium that occurs naturally in foods (10%). A substantial portion of sodium in foods is hidden in the sense that it occurs in foods that are moderate in sodium content and that are not thought of as salty foods, e. g. , processed grain and cereal products, but which are consumed regularly. Other contributors t o high sodium intake are foods with high amounts of salt. High amounts of salt are found in table salt and soy sauce, followed by foods in brine such as pickles, olives and sauerkraut. Salty or smoked meats and fish, salted snack foods, bouillon cubes, bottled sauces, processed cheeses, and canned and instant soups also contain significant levels of sodium. Benefits of sodium Sodium is an electrolyte that plays a crucial role in maintaining blood pressure. Along with potassium and chloride, it regulates fluids and acid-base balance in the body. It is also involved in nerve transmission and muscle contraction, including the heartbeat. Sodium may be beneficial for the treatment of diarrhea, leg cramps, dehydration, and fever. Sodium functions with chloride and bicarbonate to maintain a balance of positive and negative ions (electrically charged particles) in our body fluids and tissues. Sodium also helps to keep calcium and other minerals soluble in the blood, as well as stimula ting the adrenal glands. Deficiency symptoms of sodium Sodium deficiency is a condition in which we fail to receive an adequate supply of sodium. The most frequently observed sodium deficiency occurs when excessive heat causes heavy perspiration, thus reducing body water and sodium to the extent that gross dehydration affects normal activity patterns. Symptoms may include feelings of weakness, apathy, and nausea as well as cramps in the muscles of the extremities. Taking additional salt in tablet form is a preventive measure, and persons may use increased amounts of table salt on their food to supplant sodium lost during dehydration and sweating. In rare cases, sodium deficiency can lead to shock due to decreased blood pressure. Too little sodium in the diet disturbs the tissue-water and acid-base balance that is important to good nutritional status. Symptoms of high intake High sodium diets, common in modern society, may lead to water retention and hypertension. However, sodi um is generally nontoxic for healthy adult individuals because it is excreted readily in the urine. High salt intakes have been correlated with hypertension. Meta analyses suggest that a reduction in sodium intake of 2,300mg/day would lower systolic blood pressure by about 5-6 mm Hg and diastolic pressure by 1-2 mm Hg among hypertensives, who comprise a sizeable proportion of the US adult population. Daily requirement The Estimated Minimum Requirement of Healthy Persons for sodium from the National Academy of Sciences ranges from 120 mg/day for infants to 500 mg/day for adults and children 10 years. Recommendations for the maximum amount of sodium that can be incorporated into a healthy diet range from 2,400 to 3,000 mg/day or 6 to 7. 5 grams of table salt/day. Individuals with hypertension should see their physician to determine if a sodium-restricted diet is appropriate for them. As NaCl-minimum 5-10gm. The average intake is much above this, 8-10gm and even more, hence sodium d eficiency is rare. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sodium Intake" essay for you Create order

No More Tests in School - 1582 Words

We Should Not have Tests in Schools Testing in school measures no more than a student’s ability to take a test. The amount of pressure on a student during a standardized test is immense. Einstein a German theoretical physicist once said, â€Å"Everybody is a genius. But if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life believing that it is stupid.†(Einstein). Having everybody in a diverse country take the exact same tests doesn’t accurately measure their ability on the topic people believe we should not have testing in schools because it evaluates a student on one day, they do not take into account external factors. They also only evaluate the knowledge of the student at the time of the test, not the overall growth of a student. Tests can create stress for the school and the student, teachers franticly try to prepare the students and the students try to prepare themselves for the heavily weighted test. Testing creates stress for the students and only measures their ability to take a test, Tests only measure current knowledge and not jumps in knowledge , and teachers only â€Å"teach the test†, Testing doesn’t count disabilities or external factors. Standardized testing is not good for students. My first reason is from an interview with a high school English teacher; Ronal Lindley said that â€Å"The problem with tests are that kids don’t read the boom because it’s the right thing to do, they do it to pass the test†(Lindley). This means that students do notShow MoreRelatedState Tests Required for High School Graduation Essay1376 Words   |  6 PagesState tests have existed as a main subject is high school for many years now. It almost all schools today students must pass these tests to graduate from high school. These tests are a very controversial topic, many pros and cons go along with the subject of state test. Some people believe that these tests help with students education, and they should have to pass these tests to graduate from high school; others disagree and think these tests just cause more stress for students. StudentsRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Standardized Testing1286 Words   |  6 Pages\ 42% of high school seniors in Ohio are not set to graduate because of their poor scores on standardized tests. Students all over the United States are forced to participate in statewide standardized tests each year. Many claim that standardized testing allows for teachers to help their students easier, and that it holds school districts accountable. While school mandated standardized testing can be useful, statewide standardized testing is ineffective and negatively impacts students. StandardizedRead MoreStandardized Testing Effects School Systems1287 Words   |  6 Pagesteacher say, â€Å"here another test for you!† In America, students in third grade and up are forced to take a test that will determine if the teacher and school is doing a good job. At any part of the year, teachers and student tried teaching or taking these test. The test is known as the standardized test which kids have to take multiple one’s a year. Standardized testing effects school systems especially teachers and students. Teachers have to plan their schedule around the test which makes very littleRead More Standardized Test Scores and Their Use in College Admissions Decisions1560 Words   |  7 PagesStandardized Test Scores and their use in College Admissions Decisions PURPOSE The purpose of this proposal is to examine current and future Iowa State University admissions decisions processes. At the present time most colleges, including Iowa State use a combination of standardized test scores, high school class rank, high school grade point average, and essays to make decisions on admissions. All of the above are good determinants of a student’s possible success in college, except standardizedRead MoreLimitations Of Standardized Test Scores1644 Words   |  7 Pageshigh school, they have taken a standardized test a great number of times in order to get the score to attend their college of choice. A standardized test is any exam that is given and scored in a predetermined, standard manner. The SAT and ACT are known as standardized aptitude tests (Popham). SAT stands for Scholastic Assessment Test and ACT stands for American College Testing. The SAT was first given in 1926 and the ACT followed in 1959. Students spend hours preparing and taking these te sts onlyRead MoreThe Stress Of Standardized Tests1605 Words   |  7 PagesStandardized Tests Many know the stressful feeling of having to take the ACT. The exam room fills slowly with worried faces and remains quiet until the test stars. Students grasp their pencils tightly, their palms sweating with the thought of their future at stake with this single test. In order to get into any college, an ACT or SAT score is required. These required scores for admission vary from school to school which can make it difficult for every student to attend their dream school. A single test willRead MoreStandardized Tests Are Not A Fair1709 Words   |  7 PagesEssay One Standardized tests have been around for a very long time, and they are probably going to be around for a long time to come. Testing students does provide information about a school district, student, and teacher, but it is definitely not the entire picture. Everyone would probably agree that the results of one test would not be a fair evaluation of the student. In order to fairly evaluate a student, grades, tests scores, and progress should all be considered. Teachers should be evaluatedRead MoreHigh School Career Is The Best Indicator For College Success Not Sat And Act Testing Scores864 Words   |  4 Pagesover my high school career, it shows I am dedicated.†(collegeusatoday). Says seventeen-year-old Tally Behringer. Many students like Tally wonder which heavyweight matters most to his or her application. The ways a college chooses from among its applicants should reflect its values. A GPA provides the deepest insight into academic ability over time. GPA is the best in dicator for college success not SAT and ACT testing scores. Today, colleges are relying more and more on standardized test scores. SchoolsRead More The Negative Effects of High-Stakes Tests Essay1396 Words   |  6 Pagesstandardized test taken annually by millions of students in the U.S.A. that directly affects teaching methods, school budgets, and grade promotion. Presently, millions of schools are utilizing high-stakes tests to determine these major factors. The United States expects students to perform well on standardized testing, or school districts will suffer financial consequences under the No Child Left Behind Act (Au 502). This places pressure on everyone from administrators to students in a school districtRead More Standardized Testing in Schools: The Analysis Essay1730 Words   |  7 PagesStandardized Testing in Schools: The Analysis Abstract Within this paper we hope to answer lingering questions about the effectiveness of standardized testing in schools. Throughout our research we found many instances and sources of information to help us reach our goal. Standardized Testing had grown to play an enormous role in controversy concerning the Education system within the past decade. Hopefully throughout our paper it can be understood as to why this occurred and what can be

Oil and Gas Management ExxonMobil

Question: Describe about oil and gas management, management structure of ExxonMobil, roles and responsibilities of two divisions in ExxonMobil, how the Company is contributing to the local community. Answer: Oil and Gas Management Effective management of maintenance processes is vital for the long-term survival of a corporation in the oil and gas industry. Energy issues have always been an agenda in global economic as well as a geopolitics agenda. For a corporation to sail through dynamic business environment, it requires efficient management structures and division labor and specialization in its different business units as well as divisions. Businesses have a social responsibility to the communities in which they exist. The oil and gas industry is also subject changing business environment because of market fluctuations. Moreover, the industry is also subject to competition. The size of a corporation also requires a robust management structure. The aspect is essential for effective management of all business units. Oil and gas are used for household consumption such as cooking and heating. The focus of this paper is to describe ExxonMobils management structure, define any two responsibilities within the comp anys divisions, and discuss how the company contributes to the local community. Management Structure of ExxonMobil The corporation employs an organizational structure built on eleven separate global businesses. The corporation has a 19-member board team that includes six from Mobil and thirteen members from its Exxon board. ExxonMobil has five major upstream companies that deal with exploration, production, development, upstream research and gas marketing that is headquartered in Houston. It also has four downstream companies tasked with fuel marketing, petroleum and lubricant specialists, research and engineering, refining, and supply that have its headquarters in Virginia. The companys senior management is comprised of a chairperson and vice chairperson and four senior vice presidents. Further, the management mix comprises of persons picked from Exxon and Mobil before the merger (Learn about ExxonMobil's management, 2016). The ExxonMobil board of management is composed of thirteen non-employee directors and six who are employees on the senior management team. The thirteen non-employee directors have nine members from Exxon while four of its members are from the Mobil Board. The chemical and coal mineral companies and the upstream companies report to the vice presidents. Several Corporate staff departments and service groups report to the vice presidents too (Learn about ExxonMobil's management, 2016). Additionally, the Chief Executive Officer is the head of the Legal, Marketing, Finance, Human Resources and Brand and Communications departments. Internal Communications report to the Brand and Communication department. Under the Finance department, there is the Exploration Finance, Investor Relations, Foundation, Control, Tax, Treasury, and Strategic Planning dockets. The Human Resource Department is in charge of Recruitment, Compensation, Training, and Human Resource production. ExxonMobil Legal Department is served by three dockets responsible for administering legal services (Learn about ExxonMobil's management, 2016). ExxonMobil management structure is also comprised of 10 core companies that oversee individual businesses globally. For example, the ExxonMobil Global services provide consolidated maintenance through facilities, data services, and procurement. Moreover, the organization is comprised of multiple companies that permit the corporation to institute urgencies on an international basis. The corporation has refinery operations situated in 26 countries and 42,000 retail service stations in more than 100 countries. It also markets its petrochemicals to an estimate of about 150 countries (Learn about ExxonMobil's management, 2016). Roles and Responsibilities of two divisions in ExxonMobil ExxonMobil is made of four divisions tasked with major operations of the company. The four divisions include Upstream, Chemical, Downstream, Natural, and Power Marketing. The company makes use of its global institute asset to explore and utilize all types of resource. Exploration of all its resources is done regardless of the technicality of geological and geographical environments with advanced technological advancement and capabilities. The company undertakes projects that are capital intensive and have great operation complexity. All its operations are made regarding the corporations unique geoscience capabilities as well as their comprehension of global hydrocarbon endowment for the identification and prioritization of all resources (Learn about ExxonMobil's Business divisions, 2016). The role of the upstream division is to focus on the aggressive exploration of possible resources and identify all resource types. The Division is required to conduct its operations in an efficient manner and to ensure that the environment is conserved from harm. The undertaking is made possible by using industry-leading technology. Another role of the division is to supply industry prominent project implementation in a portfolio of different prospects that encompass conventional shale and tight gas, heavy oil and liquefied natural gas. In addition, the division is responsible for focusing on safe operations continuous improvement reservoir management and the application of efficient production practices. It is responsible for capturing desirable quantities of oil and gas at both new and mature oil fields with the use of experienced and applied technology. It is also responsible for advancing seismic imaging, reservoir stimulation, facility design and drilling in exploring previously unidentified or unreachable deposits (Learn about ExxonMobil's Business divisions, 2016). Another division of the company is Downstream. The company acknowledges the need to satisfy the market with fuel and oil products that are instrumental in facilitating global development activities. It acknowledges that petroleum products are essential in various aspects of economic activities. Being the largest refiner in the world most of its refinery capacity is integrated with its lubricants or chemical businesses. The primary role of this division is to refine and distribute products that are obtained from crude oil and other feedstocks (Learn about ExxonMobil's Business divisions, 2016). The Corporation has a global network of manufacturing plants, distribution, and transport systems that focus on providing fuels lubricant and other high-value products to its consumers. This division is responsible for ensuring a strong distribution network with a robust supply of the companys products. It is also responsible for creating a long-term value of the company by the provision of high-quality products and services to its customers. Additionally, this division also markets fuel to its consumers through its retail service stations as well as three established business-to-business segments. These sections are Industrial and Wholesale Fuels, Aviation fuels and lubricants as well as Marine fuels and lubes. The division is organized to operate the manufacture and sale of petroleum products as well as petrochemicals (Learn about ExxonMobil's Business divisions, 2016). Moreover, the division is also tasked with coming up with positioning strategies for the company to deliver long-term growth in shareholder value. In addition, it is tasked with selectively investing ventures that are resilient, advantageous in returns, and leading in industry efficiency in providing quality products for consumers. (Learn about ExxonMobil's Business divisions, 2016). How the Company is contributing to the Local Community. ExxonMobil contributes to the local community through ExxonMobil Foundation that is its primary philanthropic arm. The strategic focus of the Foundation is to support education with stress and prominence on science and math within the United States. It also promotes women as facilitators of economic progress and fight to end deaths that are caused by malaria. In the year 2014, the Company, its divisions, partners, employees, retirees and the ExxonMobil Foundation made contributions that totalled to $272 million globally. It should be noted that the philanthropic arm of the corporation was founded in 1955 and was known as the Esso Education Foundation. It was then changed to ExxonMobil Foundation in the year 2000 after the merger that was made Mobil Corporation and Exxon Corporation (Learn about the ExxonMobil Foundation, 2016). The company has witnessed the devastating effects of Malaria in Africa by virtue of being an employer and an investor in the continent. Malaria kills thousands of persons annually with the majority of the victims being children under the age of five years. This occurrence results in the loss of productivity for the continent. The company is part of an international effort to prevent, treat, and cure the ailment. One of the ways in which the organization uses to support the cause is through Education and Capacity building vital information about prevention and treatment is used to build capacity among health workers that inform policies aimed at protecting vulnerable communities. The company also supports the next generation of global health leaders to deal with malaria as well as other diseases by using scholarships and training opportunities. ExxonMobil financially supports the work of researchers who are focused on developing antimalarial resistance, vaccines, and drugs. It also pr ovides families with tools to prevent diagnose and treat malaria (Learn about the ExxonMobil Foundation, 2016). The company places a strong importance on education to empower societies. It thus constructs the basis for human literacy development. The main reason as to why ExxonMobil focuses on math and science is that these subjects are universal tools for the worldwide workplace. They are also vital tools for success in todays techno-savvy world. An example of a way in the company supports education using National Math and Science Initiative (NMSI) where the company is a founding sponsor. In 2007, the company committed its self to the cause by injecting $125 million into the program. The program is essential to the company for student proficiency, particularly in math and science, is essential to building a nations innovation capacity. A subset of the program dubbed the Initiative for Military Families launched in 2010 is meant to ensure that children from military families are able to get a high-quality education in math and science wherever they are based (Learn about the ExxonMobil Foundat ion, 2016). More than $90 million has been devoted towards helping women through economic openings. The company trusts that financing in womens economic participation provides long-term remunerations for them as well as their dependents. The cause for womens economic opportunity is championed through an initiative dubbed as ExxonMobil Women Economic Opportunity that provides access to technology, networking opportunities, and training programs. In early 2016, ExxonMobil collaborated with Cherie Blair Foundation. The partnership was aimed at building financial literacy and business management skills among women. The partnership will train 500 women who are small business owners. In addition, 100 participants will receive business support that ranges from mentoring and linkages to financial services, access to markets and workshops. The initiative will be undertaken by the use of a custom build curriculum that incorporates both in-class learning and online classes (Learn about the ExxonMobil Found ation, 2016). Conclusion The paper discusses the management structure of ExxonMobil. It is important to note that the management is comprised of an integration of the two companies Exxon and Mobile before the merger. The Upstream division is mainly tasked with the exploitation of available resources and the identification of possible beneficial resources. It should be noted that though the division is tasked with the exploitation of natural resource for profit, it should do so in a manner that is wary of the environment on matters relating to land use and gas emission. The corporations contribution to the community is valuable largely for it wide reaching and encompasses a great contribution of resources to beneficial activities. The choice of specialization in science and math is sensible for they are directly relevant to technological innovation. It is also practical to channel efforts towards dealing with malaria for not only does it lead to the loss of life but to loss of skilled labor as a resource. Foc using on women as tools for economic development is judicious for it contributes to closing gender gaps and disparities. It is considered that when a woman is empowered, a whole generation is also empowered. Thus, a woman is the backbone of society. References Learn about ExxonMobil's Business divisions. (2016). Retrieved July 23, 2016, from https://corporate.exxonmobil.com/en/company/worldwide-operations/business-divisions Learn about ExxonMobil's management. (2016). Retrieved July 23, 2016, from https://corporate.exxonmobil.com/en/company/about-us/management Learn about the ExxonMobil Foundation. (2016). Retrieved July 22, 2016, from https://corporate.exxonmobil.com/en/community/worldwide-giving/exxonmobil-foundation/overview